Petrochemistry - Chapter 1: Feddstocks for petrochemistry - Dao Thi Kim Thoa

Nội dung text: Petrochemistry - Chapter 1: Feddstocks for petrochemistry - Dao Thi Kim Thoa

1. PETROCHEMISTRY Instructor: DAO THI KIM THOA Department of Oil and Gas Processing, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, HCMC National University
2. Gas processing-Petroleum refining-Petrochemical processes Primary feedstocks Secondary feedstocks Products Natural gas Gas processing Processes Reactions Gases Condensate to produce seconary feedstocks Associate gas Petroleum refining Crude oil Fuels Petrochemical processes
3. Catalytic Reforming produces high octane gasoline for today’s automobiles. Gasoline and naphtha feedstocks are heated to 500 degrees Celsius and flow through a series of fixed-bed catalytic reactors. Because the reactions which produce higher octane compounds (aliphatic in this case) are endothermic (absorb heat) additional heaters are installed between reactors to keep the reactants at the proper temperature. The catalyst is a platinum (Pt) metal on an alumina (Al2O3) base. While catalysts are never consumed in chemical reactions, they can be fouled, making them less effective over time. The series of reactors used in Catalytic Reforming are therefore designed to be disconnected, and swiveled out of place, so the catalyst can be regenerated.
4. Catalytic Cracking takes long molecules and breaks them into much smaller molecules. The cracking reaction is very endothermic, and requires a large amount of heat. Another problem is that reaction quickly fouls the Silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) catalyst by forming coke on its surface. However, by using a fluidized bed to slowly carry the catalyst upwards, and then sending it to a regenerator where the coke can be burned off, the catalyst is continuously regenerated. This system has the additional benefit of using the large amounts of heat liberated in the exothermic regeneration reaction to heat the cracking reactor. The FCC system is a brilliant reaction scheme, which turns two negatives (heating and fouling) into a positive, thereby making the process extremely economical.
5. Oil producing countries
6. Oil imports by country
7. II. Hydrocarbons hydrocarbon Acyclic hydrocarbon Cyclic hydrocarbon Saturated Unsaturated Naphthene Aromatics Cyclic HC HC HC hybrid Straight Branched HC HC
8. 1. Natural gas → Non-associate gas: methane > 90 %vol., ethane 2 - 5 %, propane-butane is less. → Associate gas : methane 60 – 80 %, ethane 10 – 20 %, propane 5 – 12%, butane 2 -5 %. + → C5 : condensate. • Target of gas processing → Treatment: remove dust, remove water, sweetend (remove H2S, CO2) → Separation (by condensation, absorption, distillation, ) to gain methane, ethane, LPG, condensate,
9. Natural gas processing ACID gas H2S: corrosion, Physical absorptionÏ removal: H2S, CO2 poisoning Physical adsorption Chemical absorption CO2: heating value reduction, solidification H2O removal corrosion, Physical absorptionÏ hydration Physical adsorption Chemical absorption LNG HYDROCARBON Purity C2 recovery reduction LNG: liquefied natural gas NGL C3 C4 LPG NGL: natural gas liquid + LPG: liquefied petroleum gas C5 NG NG : natural gasoline
10. Natural gas production by country (countries in brown and then red have the largest production)
11. A bus using natural gas
12. A mixture of crude oil, water and sand about two minutes after it has come out of the Captain field in the Moray Firth. The caramelly effect is caused by the water and oil joining in an emulsion. Pouring crude oil
13. III. Intermediates: ❖ Light paraffin: methane, ethane, propane (from gas processing) ❖ Olefin: from thermal cracking, catalytic cracking ❖ Reformate: from catalytic reforming ❖ Naphtha, gasoil, heavy oil: from petroleum refining ❖ Paraffin – wax: from dewax precess